Memory
Memory forensics (sometimes referred to as memory analysis) refers to the analysis of volatile data in a computer’s memory dump. Information security professionals conduct memory forensics to investigate and identify attacks or malicious behaviors that do not leave easily detectable tracks on hard drive data.
Install Volatility 2.6
Install Python 2 Pip:
wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/2.7/get-pip.pysudo python2 get-pip.pypip2 install --upgrade setuptoolssudo apt-get install python2.7-devGet the Volatility dependencies
pip2 install pycryptopip2 install distorm3Download and install Volatility
git clone https://github.com/volatilityfoundation/volatility
cd volatility
sudo python setup.py installRun Volatility
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/Desktop]
└─$ python2 volatility/vol.py --help
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6.1
Usage: Volatility - A memory forensics analysis platform.
Options:
-h, --help list all available options and their default values.
Default values may be set in the configuration file
(/etc/volatilityrc)
--conf-file=/home/kali/.volatilityrc
User based configuration file
-d, --debug Debug volatility
--plugins=PLUGINS Additional plugin directories to use (colon separated)
--info Print information about all registered objects
--cache-directory=/home/kali/.cache/volatility
Directory where cache files are stored
--cache Use caching
--tz=TZ Sets the (Olson) timezone for displaying timestamps
using pytz (if installed) or tzset
-f FILENAME, --filename=FILENAME
Filename to use when opening an image
--profile=WinXPSP2x86
Name of the profile to load (use --info to see a list
of supported profiles)
-l LOCATION, --location=LOCATION
A URN location from which to load an address space
-w, --write Enable write support
--dtb=DTB DTB Address
--shift=SHIFT Mac KASLR shift address
--output=text Output in this format (support is module specific, see
the Module Output Options below)
--output-file=OUTPUT_FILE
Write output in this file
-v, --verbose Verbose information
--physical_shift=PHYSICAL_SHIFT
Linux kernel physical shift address
--virtual_shift=VIRTUAL_SHIFT
Linux kernel virtual shift address
-k KPCR, --kpcr=KPCR Specify a specific KPCR address
-g KDBG, --kdbg=KDBG Specify a KDBG virtual address (Note: for 64-bit
Windows 8 and above this is the address of
KdCopyDataBlock)
--force Force utilization of suspect profile
--cookie=COOKIE Specify the address of nt!ObHeaderCookie (valid for
Windows 10 only)
Supported Plugin Commands:
amcache Print AmCache information
apihooks Detect API hooks in process and kernel memory
apihooksdeep Detect API hooks in process and kernel memory, with ssdeep for whitelisting
atoms Print session and window station atom tables
atomscan Pool scanner for atom tables
auditpol Prints out the Audit Policies from HKLM\SECURITY\Policy\PolAdtEv
bigpools Dump the big page pools using BigPagePoolScanner
bioskbd Reads the keyboard buffer from Real Mode memory
cachedump Dumps cached domain hashes from memory
callbacks Print system-wide notification routines
chromecookies Scans for and parses potential Chrome cookie data
chromedownloadchains Scans for and parses potential Chrome download chain records
chromedownloads Scans for and parses potential Chrome download records
chromehistory Scans for and parses potential Chrome url history
chromesearchterms Scans for and parses potential Chrome keyword search terms
chromevisits Scans for and parses potential Chrome url visits data -- VERY SLOW, see -Q option
clipboard Extract the contents of the windows clipboard
cmdline Display process command-line arguments
cmdscan Extract command history by scanning for _COMMAND_HISTORY
connections Print list of open connections [Windows XP and 2003 Only]
connscan Pool scanner for tcp connections
consoles Extract command history by scanning for _CONSOLE_INFORMATION
crashinfo Dump crash-dump information
deskscan Poolscaner for tagDESKTOP (desktops)
devicetree Show device tree
directoryenumerator Enumerates all unique directories from FileScan
dlldump Dump DLLs from a process address space
dlllist Print list of loaded dlls for each process
driverirp Driver IRP hook detection
drivermodule Associate driver objects to kernel modules
driverscan Pool scanner for driver objects
dumpcerts Dump RSA private and public SSL keys
dumpfiles Extract memory mapped and cached files
dumpregistry Dumps registry files out to disk
editbox Displays information about Edit controls. (Listbox experimental.)
envars Display process environment variables
eventhooks Print details on windows event hooks
evtlogs Extract Windows Event Logs (XP/2003 only)
filescan Pool scanner for file objects
firefoxcookies Scans for and parses potential Firefox cookies (cookies.sqlite moz_cookies table
firefoxdownloads Scans for and parses potential Firefox download records -- downloads.sqlite moz_downloads table pre FF26 only
firefoxhistory Scans for and parses potential Firefox url history (places.sqlite moz_places table)
gahti Dump the USER handle type information
gditimers Print installed GDI timers and callbacks
gdt Display Global Descriptor Table
getservicesids Get the names of services in the Registry and return Calculated SID
getsids Print the SIDs owning each process
handles Print list of open handles for each process
hashdump Dumps passwords hashes (LM/NTLM) from memory
hibinfo Dump hibernation file information
hivedump Prints out a hive
hivelist Print list of registry hives.
hivescan Pool scanner for registry hives
hpakextract Extract physical memory from an HPAK file
hpakinfo Info on an HPAK file
idt Display Interrupt Descriptor Table
idxparser Scans for and parses Java IDX files
iehistory Reconstruct Internet Explorer cache / history
imagecopy Copies a physical address space out as a raw DD image
imageinfo Identify information for the image
impscan Scan for calls to imported functions
joblinks Print process job link information
kdbgscan Search for and dump potential KDBG values
kpcrscan Search for and dump potential KPCR values
ldrmodules Detect unlinked DLLs
lsadump Dump (decrypted) LSA secrets from the registry
machoinfo Dump Mach-O file format information
malfind Find hidden and injected code
malfinddeep Find hidden and injected code, whitelist with ssdeep hashes
mbrparser Scans for and parses potential Master Boot Records (MBRs)
memdump Dump the addressable memory for a process
memmap Print the memory map
messagehooks List desktop and thread window message hooks
mftparser Scans for and parses potential MFT entries
moddump Dump a kernel driver to an executable file sample
modscan Pool scanner for kernel modules
modules Print list of loaded modules
multiscan Scan for various objects at once
mutantscan Pool scanner for mutex objects
notepad List currently displayed notepad text
objtypescan Scan for Windows object type objects
patcher Patches memory based on page scans
poolpeek Configurable pool scanner plugin
prefetchparser Scans for and parses potential Prefetch files
printkey Print a registry key, and its subkeys and values
privs Display process privileges
procdump Dump a process to an executable file sample
pslist Print all running processes by following the EPROCESS lists
psscan Pool scanner for process objects
pstree Print process list as a tree
psxview Find hidden processes with various process listings
qemuinfo Dump Qemu information
raw2dmp Converts a physical memory sample to a windbg crash dump
screenshot Save a pseudo-screenshot based on GDI windows
servicediff List Windows services (ala Plugx)
sessions List details on _MM_SESSION_SPACE (user logon sessions)
shellbags Prints ShellBags info
shimcache Parses the Application Compatibility Shim Cache registry key
shutdowntime Print ShutdownTime of machine from registry
sockets Print list of open sockets
sockscan Pool scanner for tcp socket objects
ssdeepscan Scan process or kernel memory with SSDeep signatures
ssdt Display SSDT entries
strings Match physical offsets to virtual addresses (may take a while, VERY verbose)
svcscan Scan for Windows services
symlinkscan Pool scanner for symlink objects
thrdscan Pool scanner for thread objects
threads Investigate _ETHREAD and _KTHREADs
timeliner Creates a timeline from various artifacts in memory
timers Print kernel timers and associated module DPCs
truecryptmaster Recover TrueCrypt 7.1a Master Keys
truecryptpassphrase TrueCrypt Cached Passphrase Finder
truecryptsummary TrueCrypt Summary
trustrecords Extract MS Office TrustRecords from the Registry
uninstallinfo Extract installed software info from Uninstall registry key
unloadedmodules Print list of unloaded modules
userassist Print userassist registry keys and information
userhandles Dump the USER handle tables
vaddump Dumps out the vad sections to a file
vadinfo Dump the VAD info
vadtree Walk the VAD tree and display in tree format
vadwalk Walk the VAD tree
vboxinfo Dump virtualbox information
verinfo Prints out the version information from PE images
vmwareinfo Dump VMware VMSS/VMSN information
volshell Shell in the memory image
windows Print Desktop Windows (verbose details)
wintree Print Z-Order Desktop Windows Tree
wndscan Pool scanner for window stations
yarascan Scan process or kernel memory with Yara signaturesInstall Volatility 3
Downloading Volatility
git clone https://github.com/volatilityfoundation/volatility3.gitRequirements
pip3 install -r requirements-minimal.txtpython3 setup.py build
python3 setup.py installpip3 install -r requirements.txtRun Volatility 3
ubuntu@ubuntu:~/Desktop/volatility3$ python3 vol.py --help
Volatility 3 Framework 2.4.0
usage: volatility [-h] [-c CONFIG] [--parallelism [{processes,threads,off}]] [-e EXTEND] [-p PLUGIN_DIRS] [-s SYMBOL_DIRS] [-v] [-l LOG] [-o OUTPUT_DIR] [-q] [-r RENDERER]
[-f FILE] [--write-config] [--save-config SAVE_CONFIG] [--clear-cache] [--cache-path CACHE_PATH] [--offline] [--single-location SINGLE_LOCATION]
[--stackers [STACKERS [STACKERS ...]]] [--single-swap-locations [SINGLE_SWAP_LOCATIONS [SINGLE_SWAP_LOCATIONS ...]]]
plugin ...
An open-source memory forensics framework
optional arguments:
-h, --help Show this help message and exit, for specific plugin options use 'volatility <pluginname> --help'
-c CONFIG, --config CONFIG
Load the configuration from a json file
--parallelism [{processes,threads,off}]
Enables parallelism (defaults to off if no argument given)
-e EXTEND, --extend EXTEND
Extend the configuration with a new (or changed) setting
-p PLUGIN_DIRS, --plugin-dirs PLUGIN_DIRS
Semi-colon separated list of paths to find plugins
-s SYMBOL_DIRS, --symbol-dirs SYMBOL_DIRS
Semi-colon separated list of paths to find symbols
-v, --verbosity Increase output verbosity
-l LOG, --log LOG Log output to a file as well as the console
-o OUTPUT_DIR, --output-dir OUTPUT_DIR
Directory in which to output any generated files
-q, --quiet Remove progress feedback
-r RENDERER, --renderer RENDERER
Determines how to render the output (quick, none, csv, pretty, json, jsonl)
-f FILE, --file FILE Shorthand for --single-location=file:// if single-location is not defined
--write-config Write configuration JSON file out to config.json
--save-config SAVE_CONFIG
Save configuration JSON file to a file
--clear-cache Clears out all short-term cached items
--cache-path CACHE_PATH
Change the default path (/home/ubuntu/.cache/volatility3) used to store the cache
--offline Do not search online for additional JSON files
--single-location SINGLE_LOCATION
Specifies a base location on which to stack
--stackers [STACKERS [STACKERS ...]]
List of stackers
--single-swap-locations [SINGLE_SWAP_LOCATIONS [SINGLE_SWAP_LOCATIONS ...]]
Specifies a list of swap layer URIs for use with single-location
Plugins:
For plugin specific options, run 'volatility <plugin> --help'
plugin
banners.Banners Attempts to identify potential linux banners in an image
configwriter.ConfigWriter
Runs the automagics and both prints and outputs configuration in the output directory.
frameworkinfo.FrameworkInfo
Plugin to list the various modular components of Volatility
isfinfo.IsfInfo Determines information about the currently available ISF files, or a specific one
layerwriter.LayerWriter
Runs the automagics and writes out the primary layer produced by the stacker.
linux.bash.Bash Recovers bash command history from memory.
linux.check_afinfo.Check_afinfo
Verifies the operation function pointers of network protocols.
linux.check_creds.Check_creds
Checks if any processes are sharing credential structures
linux.check_idt.Check_idt
Checks if the IDT has been altered
linux.check_modules.Check_modules
Compares module list to sysfs info, if available
linux.check_syscall.Check_syscall
Check system call table for hooks.
linux.elfs.Elfs Lists all memory mapped ELF files for all processes.
linux.keyboard_notifiers.Keyboard_notifiers
Parses the keyboard notifier call chain
linux.kmsg.Kmsg Kernel log buffer reader
linux.lsmod.Lsmod Lists loaded kernel modules.
linux.lsof.Lsof Lists all memory maps for all processes.
linux.malfind.Malfind
Lists process memory ranges that potentially contain injected code.
linux.mountinfo.MountInfo
Lists mount points on processes mount namespaces
linux.proc.Maps Lists all memory maps for all processes.
linux.psaux.PsAux Lists processes with their command line arguments
linux.pslist.PsList
Lists the processes present in a particular linux memory image.
linux.pstree.PsTree
Plugin for listing processes in a tree based on their parent process ID.
linux.tty_check.tty_check
Checks tty devices for hooks
mac.bash.Bash Recovers bash command history from memory.
mac.check_syscall.Check_syscall
Check system call table for hooks.
mac.check_sysctl.Check_sysctl
Check sysctl handlers for hooks.
mac.check_trap_table.Check_trap_table
Check mach trap table for hooks.
mac.ifconfig.Ifconfig
Lists network interface information for all devices
mac.kauth_listeners.Kauth_listeners
Lists kauth listeners and their status
mac.kauth_scopes.Kauth_scopes
Lists kauth scopes and their status
mac.kevents.Kevents
Lists event handlers registered by processes
mac.list_files.List_Files
Lists all open file descriptors for all processes.
mac.lsmod.Lsmod Lists loaded kernel modules.
mac.lsof.Lsof Lists all open file descriptors for all processes.
mac.malfind.Malfind
Lists process memory ranges that potentially contain injected code.
mac.mount.Mount A module containing a collection of plugins that produce data typically found in Mac's mount command
mac.netstat.Netstat
Lists all network connections for all processes.
mac.proc_maps.Maps Lists process memory ranges that potentially contain injected code.
mac.psaux.Psaux Recovers program command line arguments.
mac.pslist.PsList Lists the processes present in a particular mac memory image.
mac.pstree.PsTree Plugin for listing processes in a tree based on their parent process ID.
mac.socket_filters.Socket_filters
Enumerates kernel socket filters.
mac.timers.Timers Check for malicious kernel timers.
mac.trustedbsd.Trustedbsd
Checks for malicious trustedbsd modules
mac.vfsevents.VFSevents
Lists processes that are filtering file system events
timeliner.Timeliner
Runs all relevant plugins that provide time related information and orders the results by time.
windows.bigpools.BigPools
List big page pools.
windows.cachedump.Cachedump
Dumps lsa secrets from memory
windows.callbacks.Callbacks
Lists kernel callbacks and notification routines.
windows.cmdline.CmdLine
Lists process command line arguments.
windows.crashinfo.Crashinfo
windows.devicetree.DeviceTree
Listing tree based on drivers and attached devices in a particular windows memory image.
windows.dlllist.DllList
Lists the loaded modules in a particular windows memory image.
windows.driverirp.DriverIrp
List IRPs for drivers in a particular windows memory image.
windows.driverscan.DriverScan
Scans for drivers present in a particular windows memory image.
windows.dumpfiles.DumpFiles
Dumps cached file contents from Windows memory samples.
windows.envars.Envars
Display process environment variables
windows.filescan.FileScan
Scans for file objects present in a particular windows memory image.
windows.getservicesids.GetServiceSIDs
Lists process token sids.
windows.getsids.GetSIDs
Print the SIDs owning each process
windows.handles.Handles
Lists process open handles.
windows.hashdump.Hashdump
Dumps user hashes from memory
windows.info.Info Show OS & kernel details of the memory sample being analyzed.
windows.joblinks.JobLinks
Print process job link information
windows.ldrmodules.LdrModules
windows.lsadump.Lsadump
Dumps lsa secrets from memory
windows.malfind.Malfind
Lists process memory ranges that potentially contain injected code.
windows.mbrscan.MBRScan
Scans for and parses potential Master Boot Records (MBRs)
windows.memmap.Memmap
Prints the memory map
windows.mftscan.MFTScan
Scans for MFT FILE objects present in a particular windows memory image.
windows.modscan.ModScan
Scans for modules present in a particular windows memory image.
windows.modules.Modules
Lists the loaded kernel modules.
windows.mutantscan.MutantScan
Scans for mutexes present in a particular windows memory image.
windows.netscan.NetScan
Scans for network objects present in a particular windows memory image.
windows.netstat.NetStat
Traverses network tracking structures present in a particular windows memory image.
windows.poolscanner.PoolScanner
A generic pool scanner plugin.
windows.privileges.Privs
Lists process token privileges
windows.pslist.PsList
Lists the processes present in a particular windows memory image.
windows.psscan.PsScan
Scans for processes present in a particular windows memory image.
windows.pstree.PsTree
Plugin for listing processes in a tree based on their parent process ID.
windows.registry.certificates.Certificates
Lists the certificates in the registry's Certificate Store.
windows.registry.hivelist.HiveList
Lists the registry hives present in a particular memory image.
windows.registry.hivescan.HiveScan
Scans for registry hives present in a particular windows memory image.
windows.registry.printkey.PrintKey
Lists the registry keys under a hive or specific key value.
windows.registry.userassist.UserAssist
Print userassist registry keys and information.
windows.sessions.Sessions
lists Processes with Session information extracted from Environmental Variables
windows.skeleton_key_check.Skeleton_Key_Check
Looks for signs of Skeleton Key malware
windows.ssdt.SSDT Lists the system call table.
windows.statistics.Statistics
windows.strings.Strings
Reads output from the strings command and indicates which process(es) each string belongs to.
windows.svcscan.SvcScan
Scans for windows services.
windows.symlinkscan.SymlinkScan
Scans for links present in a particular windows memory image.
windows.vadinfo.VadInfo
Lists process memory ranges.
windows.vadyarascan.VadYaraScan
Scans all the Virtual Address Descriptor memory maps using yara.
windows.verinfo.VerInfo
Lists version information from PE files.
windows.virtmap.VirtMap
Lists virtual mapped sections.
yarascan.YaraScan Scans kernel memory using yara rules (string or file).Last updated